1910
June
Oct 7 |
Porfirio Díaz re-elected president, Francisco Madero jailed
(June 21st, 1910)
Plan of San Luis Potosi-Madero proclaims himself president in
exile |
1911
May
May 21
May 25
June 7
Nov 6
Nov 28 |
Rebels win decisive victory
Treaty of Ciudad Juarez-removal of Diaz-but left intact all existing
institutions
Diaz exiled to Europe
Madero enteres Mexico City
Leon de la Barra is interim president
Dispatched troops to disband revolutionary armies
Madero assumed presidency with José Panfilo Suarez
Allowed workers to organize Casa del Obrero Mundial
Madero & Zapata split-Madero didn't fulfill Plan of San Luis
Potosi-Zapata didn't lay down arms Emillaino Zapata:Plan
of Ayala: Return lands, woods & waters usurped by hacendados,
cientificos & caciques... "tierra y libertad" |
| 1912 |
Revolts sprouted-most
serious in north: Pascual Orozco crushed by General Huerta
Madero lost support of U.S.-refused to show special favors to
U.S. Legalized trade unions. Meanwhile coup d'etat in progress: Felix
Diaz, Huerta and U.S. (also Mondragon,
Bernardo & Rodolfo Reyes) |
1913
Feb 9
Feb 18
Oct 26 |
Coup and cannonade in Mexico City
U.S. pressure & posturing
Huerta arrensts Madero & Pino Suarez
Huerta (& Diaz) take presidency, kill Madero and Suarez (Feb
22) ley fuga
Huerta is well recieved by landed aristocracy, big capitalists
and church, restores Alliances of Diaz regime, arrests 110 congressmen,
dissolved both houses
Installed new congress packed with military followers
Elections-so fraudulent that all agreed to annul until future
date
Political assasinations
Closed down Casa del Obrero Mundial
Opposition crystalized:
- South: Zapata intensifies struggle
- North: anti-Huerta coalition:Sonora,
Chihuahua, and Coahuila: liberal
hacendados, middle classes, miners, industrial workers, vaqueros,
peasants
Campaigns against Zapata fail, battles in Morelos, Cuernavaca
|
1914
Feb
April 21
June-Aug
June
July 15
Aug. 15
Nov 23 |
Wilson lifts embargo to Constitutionalist forces
U.S. take Veracruz to stop German munitions shipment
Carranza demands withdrawel of U.S.
Throughout spring of 1914 Constitutionalists take major towns
in north-Chihuahua, Torre6n, Saltillo, Tampico and (June) Zacatecas
While Zapata retakes Cuernavaca and occupies federal troops, opposition
strengthens in north
Villa more progressive than Constitutionalist nieghbors in Sonora
(Alvaro Obregon) and Coahuila (Venustiano Carranza)
| Carranza:
Plan of Guadelupe
Overthrow of dictatorship,
restore constitution, commanded 40,000, abstract limited
labor reform: right to work; to form orgs. for lawful
purposes and peaceful
assemblies |
Villa
Places himself under Carranza's command like Carranza,
maintain estates under "State control" "until victory
of revo |
Zapata
Confiscates estates for peasants to take over |
Huerta's fall imminent Wilson obtains
end to favoritism for British capitalists
Obregon takes Sonora, Sinaloa, Jalisco
Huerta exiled to Europe
Obregon moves to Mexico City
U.S. finally evacuates Veracruz |
Main Factions at the
Convention of Aguascalientes |
Carranza:
Failure to define: agrarian question:
role of church pol. order signs agreement with Villa
and Zapata |
Villa:
Issues civil rights commitment assumes leadership of Constitutionalists
In Chihuahua institutes
progressive measures-food, shelter, clothing, schools... |
Zapata:
Plan of Ayala |
|
Oct 14
Nov 10
Dec 4
Dec & Jan (1915) |
Convention of Revo leaders
& delegates in Agua Calientes: endorses Plan of Ayala and
calls for resignation of Carranza
General Eulaho Guitie'rrez appointed provisional president who
reluctantly appoints Villa as chief of Conventional Army
Carranza refuses to accept conditions of convention
Zapata & Villa enter capital
Carranza retreats to Veracruz wi obregon-establishes constitutionalist
government
Zapata & Villa come to full agreement, but are unskilled politicians
entrusting power to unreliable prov. president Gutittierrez who
sabatoged war against Carranza and opened secret negotiations
Convention proved unable to unify different factions on socio-economic
reforms
Carranza issues decrees calling for land reform... secret agreements
w/hacendados.. .minimum wage... trade unions, strikes... |
1915
Jan
Jan 19
April
May
Aug
Oct |
Obregon’s troops re-occupy
Mexico City
Alliance between Carranza & Casa del Obrero Mundial
Six "Red Battalions" of workers made imp. contribution to offensive
launched against Villa & Zapata disastrous div. between labor
and peasant movement represented by Zapatistas
Gutiérrez flees with treasury
Villa flees Mexico City
Obregon waits at Celaya for Villa
Villa suffers disastrous defeat
Constitutionalists return to Mexico City
Zapata retreats
U.S. recognizes Carranza-placed embargo on weapons to opposition |
1916
March
Dec 1 |
Relations between U.S.
& Mexico deteriorate: U.S. tries to manipulate Mex
Villa hits Columbus, New Mexico, U.S.A.
U.S. sends expedition- "invades Mexico"
Carranza eventually denounces U.S. invasion-demands immediate
withdrawl
Wilson fails to get Villa and any concessions from Carranza
Carranza opens convention to frame new constitution and prepare
for his election;
Conventionists excluded persons not sworn to his 1913 Plan of
Guadalupe
Abstract proposals unsatisfactory to majority of deputies who
formed radical wing of convention
Radicals, headed by young general Francisco Mugica, created commission
to revise-Carranza's plan |
1917
Jan 31
May 1
|
Constitution
of 1917: assault on the latifundio, weakened the power of the
church, and regulated the operations of foreign capital; it nevertheless
sanctioned private property and nationalist capitalist enterprises
Article 123-rights
of labor: 8 hour day; abolished tienda de raya and debt servitude;
guaranteed right to organize, bargain collectively, and strike~most
advanced labor code for its time
Article 27-property
rights:national ownership of all lands, waters and subsoil was
inalienable and state could expropriate them with compensation
to owners;all measures passed alienating ejidos are null and
void-pueblos could acquire land by expropriation from
neighboring haciendas
Article 3-heavy blow
to church control of education
Carranza, who reluctantly accepted to
uphold the new constitution was elected president; Obregon, moving
to left, resigns 1917-1920
Carranza's presidency: sharp
swing to right;made it clear he did not intend to implement
the reform articles of const; returned many confiscated haciendas
to former owners and favorite generals;official curruption;repression
of working class-shut down of Casa del Obrero Mundial; free
education ignored; foreign policy nevertheless reflected genuine
revolutionary nationalism, though Art. 27 would not be implemented
against foreign interests
Unceasing campaigns against Zapata
thoughout Carranza presidency; Zapata ambushed through treachery
(April 10, 1919) |
1920
May
May 24
Nov |
Carranza tries to maintain
power; Obregon challenges; Carranza flees capital to Veracruz
with national treasury
Carranza slain by Obregonistas on May 21
Adolfo de la Huerta chosen as interim pres.
Obregón elected president: "The days of revolutionary banditry
have ended because I have brought all the bandits with me to the
capital to keep them out of trouble." |